Drifting bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers in commercial greenhouses may be social parasites

نویسندگان

  • Anna L. Birmingham
  • Shelley E. Hoover
  • Mark L. Winston
  • Ron C. Ydenberg
چکیده

Commercial greenhouses require high densities of managed bumble bee (Bombus occidentalis Greene, 1858 and Bombus impatiens Cresson, 1863) colonies to pollinate crops such as tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller). We examined drifting, a behavioural consequence of introducing closely aggregated colonies into greenhouse habitats, to determine possible explanations for observed drifting frequencies. Bee drift is normally associated with increased individual mortality and disease transfer between colonies. In this study, individual bees frequently drifted into and remained within foreign colonies. More drifting bees were found in colonies with higher worker and brood populations and greater pollen stores. Increased intracolony aggressive interactions were not associated with a higher number of drifting bees. Drifting bees had a significantly greater number of mature eggs in their ovaries than did resident worker bees residing in colonies hosting drifters, suggesting that drifting could potentially increase the fitness of individual worker bees and may not be solely a function of disorientation and (or) nectar robbing. Taken together, our results suggest that drifting of workers into foreign colonies within greenhouses may demonstrate a predisposition to social parasitism. This selfish worker reproduction challenges our previous understanding of social insect societies as being cooperative societies. Résumé : Dans les serres commerciales, il faut de fortes densités de colonies aménagées de bourdons (Bombus occidentalis Greene, 1858 et Bombus impatiens Cresson, 1863) pour assurer la pollinisation de plantes telles que les tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller). Nous avons étudié la dérive, une conséquence comportementale de l’introduction de colonies fortement regroupées dans des habitats de serre, afin de connaître les facteurs possibles qui pourraient expliquer les fréquences de dérive observés. La dérive des bourdons est généralement associée à une augmentation de la mortalité individuelle et de la propagation de maladies d’une colonie à l’autre. Dans notre étude, les bourdons individuels dérivent fréquemment vers des colonies étrangères et y demeurent. Il y a un plus grand nombre de bourdons en dérive dans les colonies qui contiennent de plus fortes densités d’ouvrières et de larves et qui ont de plus grandes réserves de pollen. Aucune augmentation des interactions agressives à l’intérieur des colonies n’est observée en réaction à l’accroissement du nombre de bourdons en dérive. Les bourdons en dérive ont un nombre significativement plus élevé d’oeufs matures dans leurs ovaires que les ouvrières résidantes dans les colonies qui accueillent ces bourdons en dérive; il semble donc que la dérive puisse potentiellement accroître la fitness des ouvrières individuelles et ne pas être reliée seulement à la désorientation et (ou) au vol de nectar. Dans leur ensemble, nos résultats indiquent que la dérive des ouvrières vers les colonies étrangères dans les serres peut démontrer une tendance au parasitisme social. Une telle reproduction égoïste individuelle des ouvrières fait planer un doute sur notre interprétation des colonies d’insectes sociaux comme des sociétés de coopération. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Birmingham et al. 1853

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تاریخ انتشار 2005